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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *blauþuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_blauþuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_blauthuz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/blauþuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>blauþuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈblɑu̯.θuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛚᚨᚢᚦᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>weak, feeble, emaciated</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>lacking, void, naked</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>soft, faint-hearted, gentle</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. A speculative derivation would be from the Proto-Indo-European root family *bʰel- / *bʰlew- / *bʰlewH- ‘blow, swell; overflow’, perhaps via a <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-tu-</mentioned>derivative such as pre-Germanic *bʰlów-tu-s. The semantic development ‘weak, timid, cowardly’ would require several intermediate steps such as ‘swollen, puffed up’ → ‘soft, yielding’ → ‘feeble’. But this puts it right in line with *blautaz (‘soft; exhausted; emptied out; spent; fainthearted; bare; naked’) which Lehmann (1986b: s.v. <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*blauþjan</mentioned>) and <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="48">Orel 2003: 48</bibl> seem to support. A derivation from PIE *ml- seems to be difficult phonologically.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþijas, blauþīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþijas, blauþīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>blauþijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>blauþijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>blauþijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>blauþijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>blēaþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>bleath, bleth, blethe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>blait, blate</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>blate, bloat</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*blāth</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>blood</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>blea</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*blōth, blōthi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>blōde, blöde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blood, blööd, bleud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Frankish</lang>
                  <orth>*blauthi, *blōdi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*blōdi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>blōde, bloot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>blood, bloo, bleu</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>plōdi, blōdi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>blöde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                      <orth>bled</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>blöde, blöd</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>bléid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blauðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>blød</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>blauður</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blauðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>blø̄dher</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>blöd</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
