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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *blinkaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_blinkaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_blinkana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/blinkaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>blinkaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbliŋ.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛚᛁᚾᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to shine, glitter, twinkle</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to blink, wink</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Only marginally attested (Middle Low German, Middle Dutch blinken, preterite blinkte/blonk, early 1600s CE) as both a strong and weak verb; though it stands to reason that the weak verb more likely developed from the strong, rather than vice versa.</seg>
            <seg type="p">A speculative Proto-Indo-European origin would be from *bʰli-né-ǵ-ti ~ *bʰli-n-ǵ-énti, from *bʰli-n-ǵ-, a nasal-infix present formed from root *bʰleyǵ- (‘to shine’) (whence also Proto-Germanic *blīkaną (‘to gleam, shine’)). </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>blinkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>blinkaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>blinkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>blinkizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>blinkaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>blink</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>blinkazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>blinkaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>blinkidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>blinkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>blinkadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>blinkadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>blinkaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>blinkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>blinkaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>blinkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>blinkaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>blinkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>blinkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>blinkaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>blinkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>blinkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>blinkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>blinkaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>blinkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>blinkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>blinkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>blinkandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>blinkain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>blinkandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>blinkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>blinkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>blank</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>blunkį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>blanht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>blunkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>blank</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>blunkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>blunkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>blunkīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>blunkudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>blunkīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>blunkum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>blunkīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>blunkud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>blunkīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>blunkun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>blunkīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>blinkandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>blunkanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>blinkaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>blinken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>blinken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>blink</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*blincan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>blenken, blynken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>blink, blenk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*blincan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>blenken, blynken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>blink</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*blinka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>blinkje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>blinke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blinken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>blinken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blinken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>blinken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>blinke</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                          <orth>blinke</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>blinka, blänka</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*blinkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blinken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>blinkeren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>blinkern</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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