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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *blēwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_blēwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_blawos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*blāwos</orth>
          <def>yellow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhel_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰel-</orth>
          <def>to blow, swell up</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhleh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰleh₁-</orth>
          <def>to howl, cry, bleat</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_flavus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>flāvus</orth>
          <def>blond, yellow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_blewaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/blēwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>blēwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈblɛː.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛚᛖᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>blue</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a dark bluish or grey color, black</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *bʰleh₁-w-ó-s, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhleh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhleh1">*bʰleh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘blue, gray, yellow’). <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl> reconstructs an ablauting u-stem, *bʰléh₁-u-s ~ *bʰl̥h₁-w-ó-s, in order to reconcile the vowels of the Proto-Germanic word with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_flavus"><ref target="#cog_lat_flavus">flāvus</ref></mentioned> (‘blond, yellow’), which is likely cognate; compare also Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_blawos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_blawos">*blāwos</ref></mentioned> (‘yellow’). It is uncertain whether this root is related to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhel_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhel_x2">*bʰel-</ref></mentioned> (‘to blaze; glow; bright flame; white’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>blēwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>blēwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>blēwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>blēwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>blēwōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>blēwammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blāu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*blāo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>blau, blauwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>blów</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blāu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*blāo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>blau, blauwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>blauw, blouw, blaauw</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>blou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blāu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>blāw, *blǣw</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>blo, bla, bloo, bloe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>blue</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>blae, blaw, bla, blea, ble</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blāu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>blāu, blāw</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bla, blö</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>blau</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>blau</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blāu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>blāo, plāo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>blā</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>blaaw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>blau</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>błöw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בלאָ (blo), בלוי (bloy)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blāu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>blāo, plāo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>blā</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>bloo, blau</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>blo</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blāu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>blāo, plāo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>blā</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>bloh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blāu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>blāo, blāu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blâ, blâw, blauwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>blau, blaag, bloe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>blauw</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blāu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>blāo, blāu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blâ, blâw, blauwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>blau, blaag, bloe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>blaag, blag, blau, blaug, blo', blao</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                            <orth>bleiw</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bláur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>blåar, blaar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>blár</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>błá</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>blå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>blå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>blå, blår, blår’e, blå’u</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>bla, blaa, blo, bloo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>blae, bla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>blā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>blå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>blār</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>blå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*plāvë</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
