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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *blīþiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_blīþiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="faltings2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/QN6EVFXC">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der friesischen Adjektiva</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Volkert F.</forename>
              <surname>Faltings</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>De Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhli_to_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰlī-to-s</orth>
          <def>shining</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_blithiz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/blīþiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>blīþiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbliː.θiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛚᛁᚦᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>serene, mild</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>pleasant, pleasing, delightful, friendly</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. <bibl corresp="#faltings2010">Faltings 2010</bibl> suggests a possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhli_to_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhli_to_s">*bʰlī-to-s</ref></mentioned> (‘shining’), giving Proto-Germanic **blīþaz, later reformulated as an i-stem nominal. One issue with this theory is the fact that the to-suffix was generally accented, which would normally result in a Verner’s Law -d-: **blīdaz, which would then require analogical leveling to get the desired form. An alternative possibility is that the dental reflects an older PIE nominal formation in from *bʰléh₁-ti-s ~ *bʰl̥h₁-téy-s, a ti-stem noun from root *bʰel- (‘to blaze; glow; bright flame; white’) from which the Proto-Germanic adjective was secondarily derived; this would avoid the accentual difficulties of deriving the adjective directly from a to-suffix.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþį, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþį, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþijas, blīþīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþijas, blīþīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>blīþijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>blīþijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>blīþijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>blīþijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blīþī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*blīthi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>blide</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>blij</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>bly</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blīþī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>blīþe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>blith, blyth, blithe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>blithe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>blithe, blythe, blide</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blīþī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*blīthe, *blīth, *blīd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>blid</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bliede</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bliid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blīþī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>blīdi, plīdi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>blīde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>blid, blied</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*blīþī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>blīthi, blidi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>blîde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>blide, blyde</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blíðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>blid</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>blíður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>blíður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>blid</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>blíðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>blīþer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>blid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍃 (bleiþs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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