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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brannijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brannijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhrewh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰrewh₁-</orth>
          <def>to boil, brew</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brannijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brannijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brannijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbrɑn.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᚨᚾᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to cause to burn, to set on fire</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *brinnaną (‘to burn, be on fire’) +‎ <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(i)janą</mentioned> (causative suffix forming Weak class 1 verbs). Ultimately from *bʰronw-éye/o-, from an o-grade, nasal-infixed form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhrewh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhrewh1">root *bʰrewh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to boil, brew’), from root *bʰer- (‘to boil’). </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brannijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brannijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brannijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brannīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brannijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brannī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brannijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brannijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brannīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brannijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brannijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brannijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brannijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brannijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brannijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brannijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brannijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brannijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brannijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brannijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brannijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brannijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brannīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brannijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brannīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brannijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brannijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brannijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brannijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brannijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brannijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brannijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brannidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brannidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brannidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brannidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brannidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brannidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>brannidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>brannidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>brannidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>brannidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brannidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brannidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brannidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brannidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brannidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brannidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>brannijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>brannidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>brannijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>brennen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bernen, barnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>barnen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>borre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>brennen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bernen, barnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>branden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>branden</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>branje, brenje</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bærnan, *brænnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>brennen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>brenn, bren, brend</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>berna, barna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>baanje, baddenje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>baarne, barne, brâne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brennen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brennen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>brenna</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>brennen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>brennen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ברענען (brenen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brannijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>brennian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bernen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>brennen, brannen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brenna, brinna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>brinna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>brenna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>brinne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>brenna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>brenna, brenne</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brenna, brinna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>brinnæ, brænnæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>brænde</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>brænða</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brenna, brinna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>brinna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>brinna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*brannjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
