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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brazdaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brazdaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_brath" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>brath</orth>
          <def>bite, sting, stab; wound, injury</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bhrsti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भृ॒ष्टि •</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhṛṣṭí</orth>
          </form>
          <def>spike, point, top, corner, edge</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_borzda" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>bōrzdà</orth>
          <def>furrow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brazdaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brazdaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brazdaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbrɑz.dɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᚨᛉᛞᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>edge, brim</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *bʰros-dʰh₁-ós</mentioned> (Kroonen 2013), an o-grade form of root *bʰers- (‘top, tip, point’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-dʰh₁-e/o-</mentioned>(<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-dʰh₁-</mentioned>forms resultative verbs from roots). It likely forms a complex with closely related *bruzdaz (‘point, spike, thorn’) and *brezdaz (‘board, plank, shelf’). Possible cognates are Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_borzda"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_borzda">bōrzdà</ref></mentioned> (‘furrow’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bhrsti"><ref target="#cog_san_bhrsti">भृ॒ष्टि •</ref></mentioned> (bhṛṣṭí, ‘spike, point, top, corner, edge’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_brath"><ref target="#cog_cym_brath">brath</ref></mentioned> (‘bite, sting, stab; wound, injury’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>brazdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>brazdōz, brazdōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>brazdą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>brazdanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>brazdas, bridis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>brazdǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>brazdai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>brazdamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>brazdō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>brazdamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>brazd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>brazdōz, brazdōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*braʀd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>breard, breord, brerd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>braird, brerd</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*braʀd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brart</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brart</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*braddi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bradd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>bradd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bradd, brädd</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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