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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bregdaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bregdaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="lehmann1942" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/NZ6MHYSI">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The Indo-European dh-Determinative in Germanic</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Language</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">18</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">125–132</biblScope>
              <date>1942</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bregdana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bregdaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bregdaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbreɣ.ðɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛖᚷᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to flicker, flutter, jerk, tug (on), twitch, flinch, move, swing</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréḱ-dʰ-e/o-, a <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-dʰ-</mentioned>extension of bʰréḱ-e/o-  (&gt; *brehaną (‘to flicker, glitter; light up; blink’) <bibl corresp="#lehmann1942" n="128">Lehmann 1942: 128</bibl>. Ultimately from root *bʰreḱ- (‘to shine’). Possibly related to *braguz (‘one who is first or foremost, a premier, chief, leader, prince’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bregdō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bregdaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bregdai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brigdizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bregdaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bregd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bregdazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bregdaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brigdidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bregdai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bregdadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bregdadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bregdaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bregdōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bregdaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bregdadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bregdaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bregdadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bregdamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bregdaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bregdandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bregdaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brigdid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bregdaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brigdid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bregdandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bregdaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bregdandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bregdain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bregdandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bregdandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bregdaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bragd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brugdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brahst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brugdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bragd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brugdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>brugdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>brugdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>brugdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>brugdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brugdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brugdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brugdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brugdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brugdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brugdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>bregdandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>brugdanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>bregdaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bregdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bregdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>breiden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>breien</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>brei</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bregdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>breġdan, brēdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>breiden, breden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>braid</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>breed, brade, braid, bray</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bregdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>breida, brēda, brīda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>brüjen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>braidje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>breidzje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bregdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brettan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brëtten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>bretten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bregdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bregdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>breiden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>breien, breiden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bregða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>brejde, bebrejde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bregða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bregða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>breghþa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>bregd, breg, braith, brath</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*rievtëtēk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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