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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brekaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brekaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_frango" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>frangō</orth>
          <def>to break, shatter</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brekana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brekaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brekaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbre.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛖᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to break</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg-e/o-, from root *bʰreg- (‘to break’). Cognates are Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_frango"><ref target="#cog_lat_frango">frangō</ref></mentioned> (‘to break, shatter’) and Albanian brishtë (‘fraigile, brittle; weak, slim’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brekō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brekaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brekai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brikizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brekaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brek</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brekazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brekaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brikidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brekai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brekadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brekadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brekaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brekōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brekaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brekadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brekaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brekadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brekamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brekaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brekandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brekaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brikid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brekaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brikid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brekandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brekaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brekandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brekain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brekandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brekandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brekaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brak</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brēkį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>braht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brēkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brak</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brēkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>brēkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>brēkīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>brēkudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>brēkīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brēkum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brēkīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brēkud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brēkīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brēkun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brēkīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>brekandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>brukanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>brekaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>brekan, *brecan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>brēken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>breken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>braeke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>brecan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>breken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>break</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>breke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>breka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>breke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>brekke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brëhhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brëchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>brechen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>briechen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ברעכן (brekhn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>brekan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>breken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>brække</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>breken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>brekke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>bräcka</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (brikan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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