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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bremisǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bremisǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bremiso" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bremisǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bremisǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbre.mi.sɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛖᛗᛁᛊᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>gadfly, horsefly</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from pre-Germanic *bʰrem-i-s-ōn, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem-o-s ~<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*bʰrem-es-o-s</mentioned>, a neuter s-stem from root *bʰrem- (‘to make noise’) which was subsequently thematicized as an a-stem and individualized as a weak n-stem. There is evidence from Old High German that there was also an original n-stem derived directly from the root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bremisǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bremisōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bremisōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bremisōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bremisōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bremisōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bremisōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bremisōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bremisōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bremisōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bremisǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bremisōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bremā, *bremisā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*brimissa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bremse, breemse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>brems</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bremā, *bremisā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>brimsa, brēosa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>brimse, brese</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>breese, breeze (insect)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bremā, *bremisā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brimissa, brema</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>breme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Breme</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bremā, *bremisā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>brimissa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>brēmse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Bremse</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Bremse, Brems</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brims</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>brims</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>brems</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brims</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>brims, brimse</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>brems, bremse</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brims</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>brims, bryms</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bröms, broms</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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