<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *breutaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_breutaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="pokorny1959" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/7PPDZBL9">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Julius</forename>
              <surname>Pokorny</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Francke Verlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>
              <date>1959</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_breutana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/breutaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>breutaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbreu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛖᚢᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to destroy, crush, break (open), bud (open), bud</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewd-e/o-, from root *bʰrewd- (‘to bud’), which <bibl corresp="#pokorny1959">Pokorny 1959</bibl> treats as a d-extension of *bʰrew- (‘destroy, break’), undoubtedly related to the s-extension *bʰrews- (‘to break’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>breutō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>breutaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>breutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>briutizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>breutaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>breut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>breutazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>breutaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>briutidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>breutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>breutadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>breutadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>breutaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>breutōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>breutaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>breutadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>breutaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>breutadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>breutamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>breutaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>breutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>breutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>briutid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>breutaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>briutid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>breutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>breutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>breutandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>breutain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>breutandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>breutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>breutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>braut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brutį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>braust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brutīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>braut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brutī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>brutū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>brutīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>brutudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>brutīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brutum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brutīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brutud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brutīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brutun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brutīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>breutandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>brutanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>breutaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*breutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>brēotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>breten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*breutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*briozan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>briezen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ), ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>brjóta, ᛒᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁ (briuti)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>briuota</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>bróta</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>braute</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>brjóta</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                      <orth>brǿte</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>brjota, bryta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ), ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>brjóta, ᛒᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁ (briuti)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>brȳtæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>bryde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>bryte</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ), ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>brjóta, ᛒᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁ (briuti)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>brȳta</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>bryta</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ), ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>brjóta, ᛒᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁ (briuti)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>brȳtæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>bryde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>bryte</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*briutan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
