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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brewwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brewwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_apephrusen" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀπέφρυσεν</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apéphrusen</orth>
          </form>
          <def>brewed</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_porphuro" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πορφῡ́ρω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>porphū́rō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to heave, boil, surge up</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_bruith" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>bruith</orth>
          <def>that which is boiled, melted</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brewwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brewwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brewwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbrew.wɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛖᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to brew</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-e/o- from root *bʰrewh₁- (‘to boil, brew’), related to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_apephrusen"><ref target="#cog_grc_apephrusen">ἀπέφρυσεν</ref></mentioned> (apéphrusen, ‘brewed’). Cognates are Albanian: brume (‘dough’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_porphuro"><ref target="#cog_grc_porphuro">πορφῡ́ρω</ref></mentioned> (porphū́rō, ‘to heave, boil, surge up’), and Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_bruith"><ref target="#cog_sga_bruith">bruith</ref></mentioned> (‘that which is boiled, melted’). Related to *brinnaną (‘to burn, be on fire’), *bruþą (‘broth’), and *braudą (‘bread’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brewwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brewwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brewwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>briwwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brewwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>breww</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brewwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brewwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>briwwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brewwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brewwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brewwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brewwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brewwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brewwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brewwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brewwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brewwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brewwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brewwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>briwwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brewwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>briwwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brewwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brewwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brewwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bruwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>braut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bruwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bruwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>bruwū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>bruwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>bruwudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>bruwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bruwum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bruwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bruwud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bruwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bruwun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bruwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>brewwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>bruwanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>brewwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*breuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*breuwan, *briuwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bruwen, brouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>brouwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>brou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*breuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>brēowan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>brewen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>brew</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>brew</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*breuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>briūwa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bruwen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bjoue</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>brouwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*breuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>briuwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>briuwen, brūwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>brauen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>brauen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*breuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>briuwan, breuwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bruwen, brouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bruen, bruggen, brauen, broen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*bryggja, brugga, brugginn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>brugga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>* bryggja, brugga, brugginn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>brygge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>brygge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>* bryggja, brugga, brugginn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>bryggja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>bryggja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>* bryggja, brugga, brugginn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bryggia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>brygga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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