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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brimmaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brimmaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhrem" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰrem-</orth>
          <def>to make noise</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brimmana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brimmaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brimmaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbrim.mɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛁᛗᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to drone, to hum</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to roar</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhrem"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhrem">*bʰrem-</ref></mentioned> (‘to make noise’). This verb is closely related to *bremaną (‘to roar’); the geminate “m” in the root seems to have arisen due to the influence of the iterative verb *brummōną (‘to drone, hum, growl’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brimmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brimmaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brimmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brimmizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brimmaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brimm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brimmazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brimmaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brimmidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brimmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brimmadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brimmadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brimmaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brimmōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brimmaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brimmadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brimmaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brimmadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brimmamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brimmaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brimmandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brimmaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brimmid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brimmaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brimmid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brimmandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brimmaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brimmandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brimmain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brimmandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brimmandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brimmaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bramm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brummį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brammt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brummīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bramm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brummī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>brummū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>brummīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>brummudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>brummīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brummum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brummīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brummud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brummīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brummun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brummīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>brimmandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>brummanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>brimmaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brimman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*brimman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>brimmen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brimman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*brimman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brimmen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brimman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*brimman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>brimmen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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