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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brimą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brimą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="von_friesen1924" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/N3AHQ9AK">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Rö-stenen i Bohuslän och runorna i Norden under folkvandringstiden. Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift 1924: Filosofi, språkvetenskap och historiska vetenskaper 4</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Otto</forename>
              <surname>von Friesen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Almqvist &amp; Wiksell</publisher>
              <date>1924</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhrem" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰrem-</orth>
          <def>to make noise</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brima" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brimą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brimą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbri.mɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛁᛗᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>surf, the sea; edge</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhrem"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhrem">*bʰrem-</ref></mentioned> (either the, ‘edge, point, spike; sense, or the ‘to roar’ sense’). The raising of PIE /e/ &gt; Proto-Germanic /i/ could point to an original extension or suffix containing a consonant or a laryngeal, as the raising rule necessitates a nasal + consonant. Von <bibl corresp="#von_friesen1924">Friesen 1924</bibl> considers the word to have been an original s-stem that was remodeled as an a-stem, and also notes a close relationship to *brezdaz (‘board, plank, shelf’), which could resolve the vowel issue if this stem originally had an s-extension, **bʰrems-os or **bʰrems-on.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>brimą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>brimō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>brimą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>brimō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>brimas, brimis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>brimǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>brimai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>brimamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>brimō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>brimamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>brimą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>brimō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>brim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>brim</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>brim</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brim</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>brim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>brim</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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