Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary

verb to bring Primary mixed verb. Boutkan 2005 believes this is form a Proto-Germanic-Celtic substrate. De (Vries 2005) considers it a gʰ-enlargement with nasal infix of *bʰer- (*bʰ(e)regʰ- > *bʰrengʰ-; compare *ster- > *strengʰ-). The prevailing thought e.g., Pokorny 1959 seems to be that it comes from a pre-Germanic compound of Proto-Indo-European roots *bʰer- (‘to bear, carry’) and *h₁neḱ- (‘to reach, attain’), or an independently nasalized velar extension of the same (*bʰrenk-). Possible cognates include Welsh hebrwng (‘to escort, lead’) from Proto-Brythonic *hembrüngɨd (‘to accompany, escort’), suggesting a possible regional North-West Indo-European formation. The verb is notable for being the only known Proto-Germanic primary verb to maintain a mixed strong-weak paradigm. Its odd morphology can most easily be explained as conflation of a PIE primary thematic present *bʰrenk-e/o- and a semantically redundant Class I weak causative *brangijaną (from PIE *bʰronḱ-éye/o-). The present stem *bring- derives its vowel from the primary present, but its voiced velar -g- from the causative stem, where suffixal accentuation triggered Verner's Law. Old English brengan, Old Saxon brengian, and Middle Dutch/Middle Low German brengen explicitly preserve the causative formation (with a > e from i-mutation).