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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brinnaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brinnaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhrewh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰrewh₁-</orth>
          <def>to boil, brew</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brinnana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brinnaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brinnaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbrin.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to burn, to be on fire</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from pre-Germanic n-present *bʰrénw-e/o- from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhrewh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhrewh1">root *bʰrewh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to boil, brew’). Related to *brewwaną (‘to brew’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brinnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brinnaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brinnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brinnizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brinnaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brinn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brinnazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brinnaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brinnidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brinnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brinnadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brinnadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brinnaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brinnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brinnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brinnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brinnaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brinnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brinnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brinnaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brinnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brinnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brinnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brinnaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brinnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brinnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brinnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brinnandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brinnain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brinnandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brinnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brinnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brann</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brunnį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brannt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brunnīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brann</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brunnī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>brunnū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>brunnīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>brunnudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>brunnīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brunnum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brunnīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brunnud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brunnīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brunnun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brunnīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>brinnandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>brunnanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>brinnaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brinnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>brinnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bernen, barnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>barnen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>borre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brinnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>brinnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bernen, barnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>branden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>branden</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>branje, brenje</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brinnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>biernan, byrnan, birnan, beornan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>brennen, bren, brenne, brin, brine, brynne, berne, bernen, birne, byrne, bearne, beornen, bærnen, bærnenn, brennenn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>burn</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                          <orth>burn</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Scots</lang>
                            <orth>burn</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brinnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>biernan, byrnan, birnan, beornan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>brennen, bren, brenne, brin, brine, brynne, berne, bernen, birne, byrne, bearne, beornen, bærnen, bærnenn, brennenn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bryn, byrn</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>bren, brenn, brend</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brinnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brinnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brinnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>brünne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>brinnen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>brennen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ברענען (brenen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brinnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brinnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brinnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>brinna</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brinnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>brinnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bernen, barnen, burnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>brannen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brenna, brinna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>brenna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>brinne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>brenna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>brenna, brenne</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brenna, brinna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>brinnæ, brænnæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>brænde</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>brænða</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brenna, brinna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>brinna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>brinna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (brinnan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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