<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brukiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brukiz_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brukiz_1" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brukiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brukiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbru.kiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᚢᚲᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>breach, fissure, breaking</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">An i-stem noun derived from either a zero-grade root of Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥g-i-s from root *bʰreg- (‘to break’), or formed later based on the past-participle of *brekaną (‘to break’): *brukanaz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>brukiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>brukīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>brukį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>brukinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>brukīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>brukjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>brukī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>brukimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>brukī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>brukimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bruki</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>brukīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bruki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bruki</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>brueke, brōke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>breuk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>breuk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bruki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bryċe, briċe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>breche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>breach</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>breach, breiche, bretch, breack</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bruki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>breke, bretse, breze</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Breek</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bruki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bruh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bruch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Bruch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Broch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בראָך (brokh)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bruki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bruh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bruch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Bruch</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>Bruch</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bruki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bruki</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bröke, broke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Bröök, Brook</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>brøk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>bråk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
