<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brējaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brējaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lehmann1986b" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/WASYKR6G">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Grammar of Proto-Germanic</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>University of Texas Press</publisher>
              <date>1986b</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_porphuro" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πορφῡ́ρω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>porphū́rō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to heave, boil, surge up</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_fretum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>fretum</orth>
          <def>strait; turmoil</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bhurati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भुरति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhuráti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to palpitate, quiver, stir</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brejana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brējaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brējaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbrɛː.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛖᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to roast</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to smell</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from pre-Germanic *bʰreh₁-yo-no-m, a Weak class 1 formation built from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁-, an extended form of *bʰer- / *bʰrewH- (‘to boil, brew’) <bibl corresp="#lehmann1986b" n="s.v. breen">Lehmann 1986b: s.v. breen</bibl>. The Middle High German verb was weak, but this was likely originally a strong verb, given the ablaut in related terms such as *brōaną (‘to singe, warm, brew’). Closely related to *brēdaną (‘to warm, heat, broil; roast (meat)’), from the same root (with a resultative -dʰh₁- extension). Possible cognates are Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bhurati"><ref target="#cog_san_bhurati">भुरति</ref></mentioned> (bhuráti, ‘to palpitate, quiver, stir’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_porphuro"><ref target="#cog_grc_porphuro">πορφῡ́ρω</ref></mentioned> (porphū́rō, ‘to heave, boil, surge up’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_fretum"><ref target="#cog_lat_fretum">fretum</ref></mentioned> (‘strait; turmoil’) and ferveō (‘to be hot, burn, boil’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brējō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brējaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brējai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brēisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brējais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brēi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brējasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brējaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brēiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brējai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brējaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brējaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brējaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brējōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brējaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brējaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brējaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brējaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brējamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brējaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brējanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brējainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brēiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brējaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brēiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brējanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brējainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brējanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brējain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brējanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brējanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brējainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brēidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brēidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brēidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brēidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brēidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brēidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>brēidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>brēidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>brēidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>brēidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brēidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brēidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brēidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brēidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brēidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brēidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>brējandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>brēidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>brējaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brājan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>bræyen</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>bræjen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>breen</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
