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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brōaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brōaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhreh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰreh₁-</orth>
          <def>to burn, brew</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_broana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brōaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brōaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbrɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛟᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7e</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to singe, warm, brew</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">An o-grade intensive, pre-Germanic *bʰroh₁-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhreh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhreh1">*bʰreh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to burn, brew’), with no certain cognates outside of Proto-Germanic. Though the original verb was likely strong, the descendants clearly show a reformulation as a weak verb, with reflexes of the -j- in some endings, as well as i-mutation in the German root. The Proto-West Germanic reflex must have been *brōan &gt; *brōjan. Note the strong semantic and phonetic resemblance to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (‘to boil, brew’; whence Proto-Germanic *brewwaną (‘to brew’)). Also related to *brēdaną (‘to warm, heat, broil; roast (meat)’), and *brējaną (‘to roast, smell’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brōō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brōaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brōai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brōizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brōaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brōazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brōaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brōidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brōai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brōadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brōadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brōaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brōōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brōaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brōadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brōaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brōadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brōamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brōaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brōandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brōaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brōid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brōaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brōid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brōandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brōaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brōandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brōain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brōandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brōandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brōaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bebrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bebrōį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bebrōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bebrōīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bebrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bebrōī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>bebrōū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>bebrōīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>bebrōudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>bebrōīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bebrōum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bebrōīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bebrōud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bebrōīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bebrōun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bebrōīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>brōandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>brōanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>brōaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōan, *brōjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bruoien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>broeyen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>broeien</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>broei</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōan, *brōjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*brōia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>broie</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>broeie</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōan, *brōjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bruoen, firbruoen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brüejen, brüen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>brühen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>bréien</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בריִען (brien)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōan, *brōjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*brōian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>broien, brogen, brugen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>breihen, breuhen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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