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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brōþēr</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brōþēr</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhreh2ter" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰréh₂tēr</orth>
          <def>brother</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_frater" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>frater</orth>
          <def>brother, male friend, lover, sibling</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_brolis" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>brólis</orth>
          <def>brother</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bhratr" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भ्रातृ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhrā́tṛ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>brother, kinsman, relative, cousin</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_brathair" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>bráthair</orth>
          <def>brother, cousin, kinsman</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_pracar" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>pracar</orth>
          <def>brother</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brother" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brōþēr">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brōþēr</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbrɔː.θɛːr</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᛟᚦᛖᚱ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">r-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>brother</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhreh2ter"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhreh2ter">*bʰréh₂tēr</ref></mentioned> (‘brother’). Cognates include Old Armenian եղբայր (ełbayr, ‘brother’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_brolis"><ref target="#cog_lit_brolis">brólis</ref></mentioned> (‘brother’), Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_brathair"><ref target="#cog_sga_brathair">bráthair</ref></mentioned> (‘brother, cousin, kinsman’), Attic Greek φρᾱ́τηρ (phrā́tēr, ‘clansmen, kinsman, citizen’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bhratr"><ref target="#cog_san_bhratr">भ्रातृ</ref></mentioned> (bhrā́tṛ, ‘brother, kinsman, relative, cousin’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_frater"><ref target="#cog_lat_frater">frater</ref></mentioned> (‘brother, male friend, lover, sibling’), and Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="xto" target="#cog_xto_pracar"><ref target="#cog_xto_pracar">pracar</ref></mentioned> (‘brother’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>brōþēr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>brōþriz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>brōþerų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>brōþrunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>brōþurz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>brōþrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>brōþri</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>brōþrumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>brōþrē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>brōþrumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>brōþer</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>brōþriz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōþer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>bruother, *bruothar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>broeder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>broor</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōþer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>bruother, *bruothar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>broeder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>broeder, broer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>broeder, broer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōþer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>brōþor, brōþer, brōþur, brōðer, brōður</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>brother</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>brother</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōþer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>brōþor, brōþer, brōþur, brōðer, brōður</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>brother</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>brother</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>brither, bruther, broder, bruder</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōþer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>brōther</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Brúur, Brour</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>broer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōþer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>bruoder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>bruoder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Brüeder, Brueder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Broder, Bruder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Bruder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Bruder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ברודער (bruder)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brōþer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>brōthar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>brôder, brûder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Broder, Broor, Bröör</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Brooda</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bróðir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bróðir</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bróðir</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>bror</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bróðir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>brōthær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>bror, broder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>broder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bróðir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>brōþir, ᛒᚱᚮᚦᛁᚱ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>broder, bror</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂 (brōþar)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>bruder</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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