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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brūkaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brūkaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_fruor" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>fruor</orth>
          <def>to enjoy, derive pleasure from</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brukana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brūkaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brūkaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbruː.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᚢᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to make use of, employ, use, consume</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg-e/o- from root *bʰruHg- (‘to make use of’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_fruor"><ref target="#cog_lat_fruor">fruor</ref></mentioned> (‘to enjoy, derive pleasure from’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brūkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brūkaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brūkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brūkizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brūkaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brūk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brūkazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brūkaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brūkidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brūkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brūkadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brūkadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brūkaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brūkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>brūkaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brūkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brūkaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>brūkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brūkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brūkaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brūkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brūkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brūkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brūkaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brūkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brūkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brūkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brūkandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brūkain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brūkandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brūkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brūkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brūhtǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>brūhtēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brūhtēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>brūhtēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brūhtē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>brūhtēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>brūhtēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>brūhtēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>brūhtēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>brūhtēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brūhtēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>brūhtēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brūhtēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>brūhtēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brūhtēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>brūhtēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>brūkandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>brūhtaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>brūkaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*brūkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bruken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bruiken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>broeke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>brūcan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>brouken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>brook</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>brook, brouk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>brūka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bruwcken</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bruke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>brûke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brūhhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brūchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>bruuche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>brauchen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brūhhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brūchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>bruche, brauche</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>brauchen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>brūkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>brûken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>bruge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>brúka</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                        <orth>brúka</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bruken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>bruke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>bruke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>bruka</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (brūkjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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