<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *brūnaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_brūnaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_phrune" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>φρῡ́νη</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>phrū́nē</orth>
          </form>
          <def>toad; due to its coloring</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_brunaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brūnaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>brūnaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbruː.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚱᚢᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>brown</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruH-nó-s / *bʰr̥Hu-nó-s, from *bʰérH-u-s ~ *bʰr̥H-éw-s, from root *bʰerH- (‘brown’). Possibly related to *berô (‘bear’, with meaning of ‘the brown one’, a possible tabooistic reference), and *bebruz (‘beaver’, meaning ‘the brown animal’). Cognates include Lithuaniane bė́ras (‘reddish brown’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_phrune"><ref target="#cog_grc_phrune">φρῡ́νη</ref></mentioned> (phrū́nē, ‘toad; due to its coloring’), Hindi भूरा (bhūrā, ‘brown’), and Classical Persian بور (bōr, ‘reddish-brown’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūnas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūnammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūnanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>brūnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>brūnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>brūnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūnaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūnōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūnanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūnanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūnōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūnanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūnanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūnini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūnini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūnammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūnammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>brūnammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>brūnōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>brūnammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bruun</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bruin</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Latvian</lang>
                        <orth>brūns</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>broen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>bruun</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bruun</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bruin</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>bruin</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>broun, broyn, brown, brun, bruyn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>brown, broon</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>broon, broun</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>brún</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bruun</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brūn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>bruun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>brong, brung, broun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>braun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ברוין (broyn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>brūn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>brau</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*brūn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>brûn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>brun, broen, bruun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bruun, brun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>brun</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brúnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>brúnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>brúnn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>brun, brun’u, brun’e, bron</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brúnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>brun</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>brun</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>brúnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>brūn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>brun</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
