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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bugjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bugjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="rombouts2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/WLHZM3LQ">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The Proto-Germanic irregular weak verbs of class I</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Stefan</forename>
              <surname>Rombouts</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Nowele</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">70</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">121–134</biblScope>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhewgh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰewgʰ-</orth>
          <def>to bend; curve, arch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bugjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bugjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bugjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbuɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚢᚷᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to deal; do business; exchange</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to purchase; buy</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to accept</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Often derived from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhewgh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhewgh">*bʰewgʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bend; curve, arch’), this is one of a group of ye-present verbs with <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-</mentioned>tó-extensions of the zero-grade root, remodeled as weak verbs in Proto-Germanic: *bʰugʰ-yé/ó-  &gt; *bʰugʰ-tó- (compare *þankijaną (‘to perceive, to think’), *sōkijaną (‘to seek, look for’), and *brūkaną (‘to make use of, employ, use, consume’) <bibl corresp="#rombouts2017">Rombouts 2017</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bugjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bugjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bugjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bugisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bugjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bugi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bugjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bugjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bugiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bugjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bugjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bugjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bugjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bugjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bugjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bugjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bugjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bugjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bugjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bugjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bugjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bugjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bugiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bugjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bugiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bugjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bugjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bugjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bugjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bugjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bugjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bugjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>buhtǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>buhtēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>buhtēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>buhtēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>buhtē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>buhtēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>buhtēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>buhtēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>buhtēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>buhtēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>buhtēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>buhtēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>buhtēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>buhtēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>buhtēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>buhtēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>bugjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>bugidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>bugjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*buggjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>buggian, buggean</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*buggjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>byċġan, biċġan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>byen, bien, biggen, buggen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>buy</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>by</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*buggjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*buggen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>bugidi, bugihaft</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>byggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>byggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>byggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>byggje</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>byggia</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bugjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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