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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bukkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bukkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="matasovic2009" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/B5HK3DUW">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ranko</forename>
              <surname>Matasović</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2009a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_buza" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>būza</orth>
          </form>
          <def>ram</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_bukkos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bukkos</orth>
          <def>goat</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bukha" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>बुख</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bukha</orth>
          </form>
          <def>male goat</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bukkaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bukkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bukkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbuk.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚢᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>buck</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely an original n-stem, reanalyzed as an a-stem, considering the geminate -kk- <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>: pre-Germanic *bukō ~ *bukkaz &lt; Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-ōn ~ *bʰug-n-ós, from root *bʰuǵ- (‘goat, buck, ram’). Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_bukkos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_bukkos">*bukkos</ref></mentioned> (‘goat’) is likely a loan from <bibl corresp="#matasovic2009">Matasović 2009a</bibl>. Cognate with Old Armenian բուծ (buc, ‘lamb’), Persian بز (boz, ‘goat’), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_buza"><ref target="#cog_ave_buza">𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀</ref></mentioned> (būza, ‘ram’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bukha"><ref target="#cog_san_bukha">बुख</ref></mentioned> (bukha, ‘male goat’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bukkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bukkōz, bukkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bukką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bukkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bukkas, bukkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bukkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bukkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bukkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bukkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bukkamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bukk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bukkōz, bukkōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bukk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>buk, buc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>boc, buc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bok</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>bók</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>buk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bukk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bucc, buc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bukke, bocke, boke, buc, bucce, bucke, buk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>buck</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>buk, buke, buik</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bukk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*buk, *bok</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Buk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bok</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bukk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>buk, buc, bok, boch, poch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>boc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Bock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Bock</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bukk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>buk, buc, bok, boch, poch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>steinbok</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>steenbok</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>steenbok</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>steenbok</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bukk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bukk, buk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>buk, buck, bok</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Buck, Bock</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bokkr, bukkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bukkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bukkur, bokkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>bukk, bukk’e</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bokkr, bukkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>buk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>bukk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bokkr, bukkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bukker, bokker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bock</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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