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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *burgz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_burgz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhergh_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰérǵʰ-s</orth>
          <def>something high up, fortified</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_bri" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>brí</orth>
          <def>hill</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_burgz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/burgz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>burgz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈburɣz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚢᚱᚷᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">consonant stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>fortification, stronghold</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>city</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *bʰr̥ǵʰ-s, from a zero-grade form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhergh_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhergh_s">*bʰérǵʰ-s</ref></mentioned> (‘something high up, fortified’), from root *bʰergʰ- (‘to safeguard, to protect; to preserve’). Cognates are Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_bri"><ref target="#cog_sga_bri">brí</ref></mentioned> (‘hill’) and Chechen барз (barz, ‘hill, hillock, mound’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>burgz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>burgiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>burgų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>burgunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>burgiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>burgǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>burgi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>burgumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>burgē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>burgumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>burg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>burgiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*burg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>burg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>borch, burch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>bórg, börch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*burg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>burg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>borch, burch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>burg, burcht</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>burg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*burg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>burg, burh, burug, burhg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>burh</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*burg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>burg, burh, burug, burhg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>burgh</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>borough, -borough, Brough, boro, burg, bur-, burgh, bury, -bury</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>burch, burgh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*burg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>burch, boarch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Buurich</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-boarg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*burg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>burg, purc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>burc, burec, buric, purc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Burg</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בורג (burg)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*burg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>burg, purc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>burc, burec, buric, purc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Buerg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*burg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>burg, burh, burug</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>borch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Borg</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Börg, Borg, Bürg, Burg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>borg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>borg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>borg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>borg, børg</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>borg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>borgh, burg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>borg</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>borg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>borg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>borgh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>borg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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