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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *burōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_burōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_brati" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>брати</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>brati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to fight</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_foro" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>forō</orth>
          <def>to bore, pierce</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_burona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/burōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>burōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbu.rɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚢᚱᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to drill, pierce</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to bore</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥H-eh₂-yé/ó-, from a zero-grade form of root *bʰerH- (‘to pierce; strike’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_foro"><ref target="#cog_lat_foro">forō</ref></mentioned> (‘to bore, pierce’) and Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_brati"><ref target="#cog_chu_brati">брати</ref></mentioned> (brati, ‘to fight’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>burō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>burǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>burōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>burōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>burōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>burō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>burōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>burōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>burōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>burō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>burōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>burōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>burōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>burōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>burōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>burōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>burōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>burōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>burōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>burōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>burōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>burōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>burōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>burōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>burōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>burōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>burōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>burōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>burōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>burōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>burōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>burōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>burōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>burōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>burōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>burōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>burōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>burōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>burōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>burōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>burōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>burōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>burōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>burōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>burōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>burōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>burōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>burōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>burōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>burōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>burōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*borōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*boron</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bōren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>boren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*borōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>borian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>boren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bore</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bore, boir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*borōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*boria</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>boorje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>boarje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*borōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>borōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>boren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>bohren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>bueren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*borōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>borōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bōren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bohren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bora</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bore</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bora</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bora</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>bore</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bora</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bora, bura</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>borra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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