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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *buskaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_buskaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhuh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰuH-</orth>
          <def>to be, become, grow, appear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_buskaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/buskaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>buskaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbus.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚢᛊᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bush; thicket</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly derived from *būaną (‘to dwell, reside’) or its root, Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhuh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhuh">*bʰuH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to swell, grow’), but this would involve the addition of two separate extensions (<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-</mentioned>s- and <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-</mentioned>k-). Another possibility is that it is from a substrate language, noting that many northwest European languages have words for flora and fauna with -sk- and -st-. The Latin borrowing theory is unlikely: the borrowing was almost definitely from Proto-Germanic to Latin.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>buskaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>buskōz, buskōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>buską</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>buskanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>buskas, buskis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>buskǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>buskai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>buskamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>buskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>buskamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>busk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>buskōz, buskōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*busk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latin</lang>
                    <orth>boscus</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*busk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*busc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bosch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bos</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*busk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bysċ, busċ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bush</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bush</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bus</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*busk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bosk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Busk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bosk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*busk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>busk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>busch, bosch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Busch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Bësch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בוש (bush)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*busk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>busk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>busk, busch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Busk, Busch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>buskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>busk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>búskur, buski</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>busk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>busk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>buskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>busk, bosk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>busk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>buskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>buske, buska</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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