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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *buttaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_buttaz_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="gordon2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/GAKMQMYN">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Beating, Hacking, and Spitting: Germanic Contributions to the Question of Acrostatic d-Presents in Proto-Indo-European</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Randall</forename>
              <surname>Gordon</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">123</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">258–296</biblScope>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_buttaz_2" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/buttaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>buttaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbut.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚢᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>cut off; chopped; stumpy</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰud-nó-s, from root *bʰewd- (‘to strike, beat), a d-extension of *bʰew- (‘to blow, swell’) <bibl corresp="#gordon2010">Gordon 2010</bibl>, with geminate -tt- from Kluge’s Law. Alternatively derived pre-Germanic **bauttaną, an n-extended verbal formation from an Indo-European root meaning ‘strike, beat’ (perhaps *bʰeud-néh₂- / *bʰeu-t-néh₂-, from *bʰewd- ~ *bʰew-t-) with a zero-grade root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>buttaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>buttaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>buttaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>buttammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>buttōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>buttammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*butt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*but, *butt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>butte, but, bot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bot</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*butt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>bot</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>bote</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>bote</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>boot</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*butt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*butt, *but</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>but</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bot</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*butt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*butt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>but, butt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>butt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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