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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bēganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bēganą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bheh1gh_bhoh1gh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰeh₁ǵʰ- ~ *bʰoh₁ǵʰ-</orth>
          <def>to dispute, quarrel</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_bag" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>bág</orth>
          <def>fight, contention, boast, threat</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_begana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bēganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bēganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɛː.ɣɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛖᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7d</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to fight, argue, quarrel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain; perhaps, related to Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_bag"><ref target="#cog_sga_bag">bág</ref></mentioned> (‘fight, contention, boast, threat’), which has been proposed to stem from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bheh1gh_bhoh1gh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bheh1gh_bhoh1gh">*bʰeh₁ǵʰ- ~ *bʰoh₁ǵʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to dispute, quarrel’), though this may represent a borrowing.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bēgō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bēgaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bēgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bēgizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bēgaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bēg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bēgazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bēgaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bēgidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bēgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bēgadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bēgadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bēgaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bēgōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>bēgaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bēgadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bēgaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>bēgadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bēgamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bēgaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bēgandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bēgaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bēgid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bēgaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bēgid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bēgandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bēgaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bēgandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bēgain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bēgandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bēgandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bēgaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bebēg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bebēgį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bebēht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bebēgīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bebēg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bebēgī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>bebēgū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>bebēgīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>bebēgudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>bebēgīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bebēgum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bebēgīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bebēgud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bebēgīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bebēgun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bebēgīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>bēgandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>bēganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>bēganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>bageren</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>bāgan, pāgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>bāgen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                      <orth>bägen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>bägern</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swabian</lang>
                      <orth>bägeren</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bága</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bága</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bága</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>bægja</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>bægja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*piekōtēk, *pākētēk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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