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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *bōguz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_bōguz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_pekhus" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πῆχυς</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pêkhus</orth>
          </form>
          <def>forearm</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bheh2gh_u_s_bhh2gh_ew_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰéh₂ǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰh₂ǵʰ-éw-s</orth>
          <def>arm</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bahu" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>बाहु</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bāhú</orth>
          </form>
          <def>arm, forearm</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_poke" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>poke</orth>
          <def>arm</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_boguz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōguz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>bōguz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɔː.ɣuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᛟᚷᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>upper arm</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>shoulder</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bheh2gh_u_s_bhh2gh_ew_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bheh2gh_u_s_bhh2gh_ew_s">*bʰéh₂ǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰh₂ǵʰ-éw-s</ref></mentioned> (‘arm’). Cognates are Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_pekhus"><ref target="#cog_grc_pekhus">πῆχυς</ref></mentioned> (pêkhus, ‘forearm’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bahu"><ref target="#cog_san_bahu">बाहु</ref></mentioned> (bāhú, ‘arm, forearm’), and Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="xto" target="#cog_xto_poke"><ref target="#cog_xto_poke">poke</ref></mentioned> (‘arm’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>bōguz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>bōgiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>bōgų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>bōgunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>bōgauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>bōgiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>bōgiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>bōgumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>bōgū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>bōgumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>bōgu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>bōgiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bōgu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*buog</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>boech</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>boeg</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>boeg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bōgu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>bōg, bōh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>boȝ, bogh</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bough</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>beuch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bōgu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>bōch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Bouch</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>boech</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bōgu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>buog</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>buoc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Bug</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Buch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*bōgu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>bōg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bôg, bôch, bûch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Boog</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bógr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bov</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>bógvur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>bógur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>bog</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>bógr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bōgher</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bog</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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