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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *būaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_būaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="vijunas2022" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/L5V7AFRF">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Studies. Old English and Germanic Historical Morphology: Paradigmatic Splits. the Evolution of the Verb būja- 'dwell'</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Aurelijus</forename>
              <surname>Vijūnas</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Historische Sprachforschung</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">135</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">283–308</biblScope>
              <date>2022</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_fui" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>fuī</orth>
          <def>to be, exist</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_but" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>bût</orth>
          <def>to be, exist</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_abhut_aorist_of" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अभूत्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ábhūt, aorist of</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to be, become</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_buana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/būaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>būaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbuː.ɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚢᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to dwell, reside</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *bʰúH-e/o-, the root aorist subjunctive of *bʰuH- (‘to be, become, grow, appear’) <bibl corresp="#vijunas2022">Vijūnas 2022</bibl>. Variant reconstructions are *bōaną and *bōw(w)aną. Likely originally a strong verb that shifted to the weak paradigm (it was still a strong verb in Old Norse with traces of strong patterns in several daughter languages; it seems unlikely that all of these languages would independently reformulate the verb partially or fully to a strong paradigm from a week one). Cognates are Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_but"><ref target="#cog_lav_but">bût</ref></mentioned> (‘to be, exist’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_abhut_aorist_of"><ref target="#cog_san_abhut_aorist_of">अभूत्</ref></mentioned> (ábhūt, aorist of, ‘to be, become’), and Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_fui"><ref target="#cog_lat_fui">fuī</ref></mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> </mentioned>(1st person singular perfect active indicative of sum, ‘to be, exist’). Related to *beuną (‘to be, become’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>būō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>būaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>būai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>būizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>būaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>būazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>būaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>būōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>būaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>būadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>būaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>būadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>būamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>būaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>būandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>būaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bebō / būdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bebōį̄ / būdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bebōt / būdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bebōīz / būdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bebō / būdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bebōį̄ / būdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>bebōū / būdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>bebōīw / būdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>bebōudiz / būdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>bebōīdiz / būdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bebōum / būdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bebōīm / būdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bebōud / būdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bebōīd / būdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bebōun / būdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bebōīn / būdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>būandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>būdaz / būanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>būaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*būan, buuuan, buwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>boewe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*būan, buuuan, buwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bouwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>bou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>būan, būwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>ġebūan</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>ȝebuen, ibuen, iboen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>būan, būwan, pūan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>būwen, biuwen, bouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>buue, puue</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>bauen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בויען (boyen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>būan, būwan, pūan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>būwen, biuwen, bouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>bauen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>baue</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>būan, būwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bûwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>boen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>búa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>búgva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>búa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>buen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>búa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>bo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>búa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>bu, bua</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>bu</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>búa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>búinn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>búinn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>buen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>búa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>búinn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bun, bune, boun</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>boun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>boun</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>búa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>bōa, bō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>bo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (bauan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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