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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *būganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_būganą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bhugh_e_o" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰugʰ-é/ó-</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bhujati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भुजति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhujáti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to bend, curve</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bugana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/būganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>būganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbuː.ɣɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚢᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>alternative form of *beuganą (‘to bend, bow’)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhugh_e_o"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bhugh_e_o">*bʰugʰ-é/ó-</ref></mentioned>, a zero-grade thematic/aorist-present formation from root *bʰewgʰ- (to bend; curve, arch’). The long -ū- was probably generalized from the Strong class 2 verb system beside full-grade *beuganą. Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bhujati"><ref target="#cog_san_bhujati">भुजति</ref></mentioned> (bhujáti, ‘to bend, curve’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>būgō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>būgaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>būgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>būgizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>būgaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>būg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>būgazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>būgaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būgidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būgadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būgadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>būgaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>būgōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>būgaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>būgadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>būgaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>būgadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>būgamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>būgaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>būgandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>būgaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būgid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būgaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būgid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būgandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>būgaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būgandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būgain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būgandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būgandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>būgaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>baug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>bugį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bauht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>bugīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>baug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>bugī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>bugū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>bugīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>bugudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>bugīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bugum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>bugīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bugud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>bugīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bugun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>bugīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>būgandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>buganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>būganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*būgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>bugen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>buigen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>buge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>būgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bowen, bouwe, bowe, buȝen, buȝhenn, buhen, buwen, bouȝe, boughe, bow, bowghe, bouwien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>būgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bowen, bouwe, bowe, buȝen, buȝhenn, buhen, buwen, bouȝe, boughe, bow, bowghe, bouwien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bow</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>bou, bow, boo</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>būgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>būgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bugen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>búga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bue</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>bue</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>buga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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