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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *būkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_būkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_bukaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/būkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>būkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈbuː.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛒᚢᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>belly, abdomen</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>body</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw-g-o-s, from a root *bʰew- (‘to swell, inflate’), however, the existence of this root is in doubt. The word has no secure cognates outside Proto-Germanic; a pre-Germanic substrate origin or an expressive formation cannot be excluded.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>būkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>būkōz, būkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>būką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>būkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>būkas, būkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>būkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>būkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>būkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>būkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>būkamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>būk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>būkōz, būkōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>būk, būc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>boc, buc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bok</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>bók</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>buk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>būc, būcc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Anglo-Norman</lang>
                      <orth>buket, buquet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bucket</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bucket</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>būc, būcc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>bouk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bouk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bouk, bowk, buik</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>būk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Buuk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>búk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>būh, pūch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>būch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Bauch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Bauch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>בויך (boykh)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>būk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bûk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Buck</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*būk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>būk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>bûk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Buuk, Buk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Buuk, Buk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>búkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>bug</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>búkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>búkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>buk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>buk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>búkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>būker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>buk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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