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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dalą/dalaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dalą_dalaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="derksen2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/R2NTQLL2">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Rick</forename>
              <surname>Derksen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1997" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2GXPBSTX">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>James P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Douglas Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_dol" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>dôl</orth>
          <def>dale, valley</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h_x6" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰól</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>H</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_dol" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*dôlъ</orth>
          <def>dale, valley</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dala_dalaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dalą/dalaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dalą/dalaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdɑ.lɑ̃/, /ˈdɑ.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚨᛚᚨ/ᛞᚨᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>valley, dale</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain; suggested to be cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_dol"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_dol">*dôlъ</ref></mentioned> (‘dale, valley’), and Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_dol"><ref target="#cog_cym_dol">dôl</ref></mentioned> (‘dale, valley’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_x6"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_x6">*dʰól</ref></mentioned> (H)-o-s <bibl corresp="#derksen2008">Derksen 2008</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ref1997">Mallory &amp; Adams 1997</bibl>. A possible derivation from *dʰelh₁- (‘to well forth, spring forth; to flourish, green’) is not out of the question, given the semantics of many reflexes, such as ‘leaf, green, fresh, blooming’, etc.</seg>
            <seg type="p">The West Proto-Germanic descendants are generally neuter (though Old High German tal is attested in both neuter and masculine), while the North Proto-Germanic descendants are masculine; the gender of the Gothic term cannot be determined. It is therefore unknown whether neuter *dalą or masculine *dalaz is the original form.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>dalaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>dalōz, dalōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>dalą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>dalanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>dalas, dalis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>dalǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>dalai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>dalamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>dalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>dalamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>dal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>dalōz, dalōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>dalą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>dalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>dalą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>dalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>dalas, dalis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>dalǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>dalai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>dalamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>dalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>dalamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>dalą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>dalō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dal</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>daal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dal</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dal</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>dal</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dæl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>dale, dæle, deale</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dale</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dale, daal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*dal, del</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dal, dalle, dol</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Doal</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>delle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>tal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tal</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Tall</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Tal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Dall</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Daal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>טאָל (tol)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>dal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dal</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Daal</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Daal</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dalr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>dalur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dalur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>dal, dal'e</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dalr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>dal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>dal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dalr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>dal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>dal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌳𐌰𐌻 (dal), *𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*dals)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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