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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dammaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dammaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="martirosyan2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/EDNDBVND">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 8)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hrach</forename>
              <surname>Martirosyan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_taphos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>τάφος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>táphos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>burial; tomb; grave</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_dambo" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>dambo</orth>
          <def>ground</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dammaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dammaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dammaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdɑm.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚨᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>dam</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰombʰ-mó-s / *dʰombʰ-nó-s an o-grade form of root *dʰembʰ- (‘to be stunned; to strike’), with a nasal suffix. A root in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-mbʰ-</mentioned>alone would not cause the gemination seen in the reflexes (compare *kambaz, ‘comb’ &lt; PIE ǵómbʰos). Possible cognates are Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_taphos"><ref target="#cog_grc_taphos">τάφος</ref></mentioned>, θάπτω (tháptō, ‘to bury’), Old Armenian դամբան (damban, ‘tomb’), and Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="prg" target="#cog_prg_dambo"><ref target="#cog_prg_dambo">dambo</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#martirosyan2010">Martirosyan 2010</bibl>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>dammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>dammōz, dammōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>dammą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>dammanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>dammas, dammis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>dammǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>dammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>dammamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>dammō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>dammamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>damm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>dammōz, dammōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*damm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*damm, dam</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dam</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dam</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*damm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*damm, *dam</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>damme, dam</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dam</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dam</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*damm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dam, dom</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Dom</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dam</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*damm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*tamm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tam, tamm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Damm, Tham</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Damm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*damm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*damm, *dam</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dam, damm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Damm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Daum</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dammr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>dammur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dammur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dammr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>dam</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>dam</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dammr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>damber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>damm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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