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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dangijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dangijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhengwh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰengʷʰ-</orth>
          <def>to beat</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dangijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dangijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dangijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdɑŋ.ɡi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚨᚾᚷᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to beat, hit</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *dingwaną (‘to beat’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(i)janą</mentioned>(causative suffix forming Weak class 1 verbs); apparently with delabialization of -gw- caused by the preceeding round vowel + -j- in the pre-Germanic suffix: *dong-ijaną. Ultimately from dʰongʷʰ-éye/o-, from an o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhengwh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhengwh">of root *dʰengʷʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to beat’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dangijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dangijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dangijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dangīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dangijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dangī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dangijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dangijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dangīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dangijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dangijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dangijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dangijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dangijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dangijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dangijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dangijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dangijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dangijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dangijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dangijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dangijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dangīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dangijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dangīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dangijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dangijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dangijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dangijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dangijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dangijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dangijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dangidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dangidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dangidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dangidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dangidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dangidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dangidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dangidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dangidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dangidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dangidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dangidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dangidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dangidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dangidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dangidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dangijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>dangidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dangijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dangijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>denġan, denċġan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>*dengen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dinge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dangijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*tengen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tengen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dengja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>dænge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>deingja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dengja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dengja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>dængia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>dänga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*tāmčëtēk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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