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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *daupijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_daupijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰewbʰ-</orth>
          <def>hazy, unclear, dark; deep</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_daupijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/daupijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>daupijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdɑu̯.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚨᚢᛈᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to dip (in a liquid), to immerse</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Causative likely formed from the iterative *duppōną (‘to dip’) rather than directly from its Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh">*dʰewbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘hazy, unclear, dark; deep’), from which also *deupaz (‘deep’). This accounts for the -p- rather than the expected -b- if it were formed directly from the root <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>daupijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>daupijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>daupijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>daupīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>daupijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>daupī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>daupijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>daupijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>daupīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>daupijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>daupijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>daupijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>daupijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>daupijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>daupijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>daupijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>daupijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>daupijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>daupijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>daupijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>daupijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>daupijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>daupīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>daupijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>daupīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>daupijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>daupijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>daupijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>daupijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>daupijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>daupijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>daupijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>daupidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>daupidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>daupidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>daupidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>daupidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>daupidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>daupidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>daupidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>daupidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>daupidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>daupidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>daupidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>daupidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>daupidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>daupidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>daupidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>daupijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>daupidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>daupijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*daupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dōpen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dôpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>duipe, deupe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*daupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dōpen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dôpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dopen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>doop</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*daupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dīepan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>depen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>depe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*daupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dēpa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*daupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>toufen, *doufen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>toufen, töufen, döufen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>taufen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*daupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>toufen, *doufen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>toufen, töufen, döufen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>däufe, dööfe, deefe, dääfe, daafe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>deefen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*daupijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>dōpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dȫpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>döpen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>dööpe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>deypa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>døbe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>døpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>deypa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>doypa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>døype</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>deypa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>dø̄pa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>döpa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (daupjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
