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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *deuzą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_deuzą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="thesis" xml:id="ozolins2015" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/V9QNTC8K">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Kaspars</forename>
              <surname>Ozoliņš</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <date>2015</date>
              <note type="thesisType">(Unpublished dissertation,</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_dvesele" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>dvēsele</orth>
          <def>soul</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_dvesti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>dvēsti</orth>
          <def>soul</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_deuza" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/deuzą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>deuzą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdeu̯.zɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᛖᚢᛉᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>animal, beast</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-ó-m, a lengthened grade derivative of *dʰwḗs ~ *dʰus-és from root *dʰwes- (‘to breathe, inhale, exhale’) <bibl corresp="#ozolins2015">Ozoliņš 2015</bibl>. Cognates are Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_dvesti"><ref target="#cog_lit_dvesti">dvēsti</ref></mentioned> (‘soul’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_dvesele"><ref target="#cog_lav_dvesele">dvēsele</ref></mentioned> (‘soul’), Proto-Slavic *duša (‘soul, spirit’, whence Russian душа́ (dušá, ‘soul’)).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>deuzą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>deuzō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>deuzą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>deuzō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>deuzas, diuzis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>deuzǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>deuzai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>deuzamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>deuzō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>deuzamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>deuzą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>deuzō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*deuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dier, dior</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>deer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*deuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dier, dior</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>dier</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*deuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dēor, dēar, dīor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>der, deer, dere, dier, deare, dure, deor, dor, duer, dur</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>deer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*deuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dēor, dēar, dīor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>der, deer, dere, dier, deare, dure, deor, dor, duer, dur</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dere, deir, deyr</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>deer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*deuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>diār, diēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Diert</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>djier, dier</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*deuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>diār, diēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Diirt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*deuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>tior</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Déier</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*deuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>tior</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Tier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                          <orth>Tier, Tiea</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*deuʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>dior</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dēr, dēre, dērt, deirt, dêrd</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Diert</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>diert</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Deer, Deert, Dird, Dairt, Duert, Diert, Dirt, Dier</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᛖᚢᛉᚨ (*deuʀa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>diūʀ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>diūr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>dyr, djur</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>dyr</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᛖᚢᛉᚨ (*deuʀa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>diūʀ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>diūr, ᚦᛁᚢᚱ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>djur</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᛖᚢᛉᚨ (*deuʀa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old West Norse</lang>
                    <orth>dýr, djór</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>dýr, djór</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>dýr</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>dyr</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᛖᚢᛉᚨ (*deuʀa)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*tivrē</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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