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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *draugaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_draugaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhrowgh_o_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰrówgʰ-o-s</orth>
          <def>a deception, falsehood, lie</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_drogha" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>द्रोघ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>drógha</orth>
          </form>
          <def>deceitful, untrue, misleading</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_draugaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/draugaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>draugaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdrɑu̯.ɣɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚱᚨᚢᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>phantom (mirage), ghost, revenant; demon, troll, ghoul</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhrowgh_o_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhrowgh_o_s">*dʰrówgʰ-o-s</ref></mentioned> (‘a deception, falsehood, lie’) from root *dʰrewgʰ- (‘to deceive’). Cognates are Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_drogha"><ref target="#cog_san_drogha">द्रोघ</ref></mentioned> (drógha, ‘deceitful, untrue, misleading’) and Old Persian 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴 (d-r-u-j-n /⁠draujanaʰ⁠⁠/, ‘deceitful, full of lies; follower of the Lie’). Related to *dreuganą (‘to mislead, deceive’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>draugaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>draugōz, draugōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>draugą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>drauganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>draugas, draugis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>draugǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>draugai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>draugamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>draugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>draugamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>draug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>draugōz, draugōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᚨᚱᚨᚢᚷᚨᛉ (*dᵃraugaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>draugr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>drauge, dravge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>dreygur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>draugur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>drog</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>draug</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᚨᚱᚨᚢᚷᚨᛉ (*dᵃraugaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>draugr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>draugr, draug</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>Draugr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᚨᚱᚨᚢᚷᚨᛉ (*dᵃraugaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>draugr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>draug, drau</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>draug, drøg, drog, drau, drauv, drøv, drov</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᚨᚱᚨᚢᚷᚨᛉ (*dᵃraugaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>draugr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norn</lang>
                      <orth>drog</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>drow, trow</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>drow</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᚨᚱᚨᚢᚷᚨᛉ (*dᵃraugaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>draugr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>*drøgher, *draugr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>drög, dröger, draugr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛞᚨᚱᚨᚢᚷᚨᛉ (*dᵃraugaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                    <orth>*raukka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*rāvkë</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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