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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *drepaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_drepaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_b" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*b</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_drebt" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>drêbt</orth>
          <def>to beat</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_drebti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>drė̃bti</orth>
          <def>to strike</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_drepana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drepaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>drepaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdre.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚱᛖᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 5</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to hit, strike</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Since Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_b"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_b">*b</ref></mentioned> (&gt; Proto-Germanic *p) is only rarely attested, <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl> assumes that this verb is a back-formation from *druppōną, iterative of *drabaną (‘to hew’), from root *dʰrebʰ- (‘to grind; crush; kill’), elsewhere attested only in Balto-Slavic. Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_drebti"><ref target="#cog_lit_drebti">drė̃bti</ref></mentioned> (‘to strike’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_drebt"><ref target="#cog_lav_drebt">drêbt</ref></mentioned> (‘to beat’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drepō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drepaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drepai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dripizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drepaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drep</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drepazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drepaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dripidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drepai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drepadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drepadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drepaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>drepōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>drepaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>drepadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>drepaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>drepadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drepamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drepaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drepandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drepaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dripid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drepaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dripid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drepandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drepaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drepandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drepain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drepandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drepandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drepaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drap</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drēpį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>draft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drēpīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drap</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drēpī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>drēpū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>drēpīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>drēpudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>drēpīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drēpum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drēpīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drēpud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drēpīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drēpun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drēpīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>drepandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>drepanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>drepaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drepan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>drepan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>drēpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>draepe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drepan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>drepan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>drepen, drepe, drep</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>drib, drub</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>drib, drub</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drepan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>treffan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>treffen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>treffen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>træffe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>treffen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>treffe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>treffe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>träffa</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                          <orth>טרעפֿן (trefn)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drepan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>treffan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>treffen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>treffen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>treffen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>tref</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drepan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>drepan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>drēpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>drapen, dropen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>drapen, drepen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drepa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>drepa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>drepa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>drepe, drepa, dribba</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drepa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>dræbe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>drepe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drepa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>dræpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>dräpa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
