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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dreugaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dreugaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_drugu" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>дроугъ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>drugŭ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>friend, other</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_draugas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>draũgas</orth>
          <def>male friend</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dreugaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dreugaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dreugaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdreu̯.ɣɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚱᛖᚢᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>enduring, lasting</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *dreuganą (‘to serve, be loyal’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-az</mentioned> (deverbal adjective suffix). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-o-s, from root *dʰrewgʰ- (‘to accompany, follow, be loyal; loyal’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_draugas"><ref target="#cog_lit_draugas">draũgas</ref></mentioned> (‘male friend’) and Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_drugu"><ref target="#cog_chu_drugu">дроугъ</ref></mentioned> (drugŭ, ‘friend, other’). Related to *dreuganą (‘to serve, be a retainer’), *druhtiz (‘band of retainers, troop’), and *druhtinaz (‘leader, lord, sovereign’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreugaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreugą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreugai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreuganǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreugą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreuganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreugas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreugas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreugaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreugaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreugammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreugammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreugaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreugaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreuganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreuganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dreugaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dreugaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dreugaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dreugô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dreugô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dreuganiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dreugōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dreuganų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dreugô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dreuganunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dreugōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>driuginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>driuginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dreuganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dreuganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>driugini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>driugini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dreugammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dreugammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>driuginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>driuginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dreugammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dreugōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dreugammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dreug</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*drēog, *drēoh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>dregh, dreȝ, dryȝ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dree, dreigh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dreich</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dreug</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dreg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dreech</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drjúgr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>drjúgvur, drúgvur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>draugar, dravvur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>drjúgur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>dryg</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drjúgr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>drȳgh, drø̄gh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>drøj</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>drøy</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drjúgr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>drȳgher</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>dryg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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