<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dreusaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dreusaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="pokorny1959" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/7PPDZBL9">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Julius</forename>
              <surname>Pokorny</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Francke Verlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>
              <date>1959</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_dryll" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>dryll</orth>
          <def>broken off piece, fragment, shard</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_thrauma" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>θραῦμᾰ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>thraûmă</orth>
          </form>
          <def>a fragment; breakage; destruction</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_druska" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>druska</orth>
          <def>crumbs</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dreusana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dreusaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dreusaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdreu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚱᛖᚢᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to fall</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *dʰréws-e/o- from root *dʰrews- (‘to crumble, grind’) <bibl corresp="#pokorny1959">Pokorny 1959</bibl>. Cognate with Russian дры́хнуть (drýxnutʹ, ‘to sleep’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_thrauma"><ref target="#cog_grc_thrauma">θραῦμᾰ</ref></mentioned> (thraûmă, ‘a fragment; breakage; destruction’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_dryll"><ref target="#cog_cym_dryll">dryll</ref></mentioned> (‘broken off piece, fragment, shard’), and Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_druska"><ref target="#cog_lav_druska">druska</ref></mentioned> (‘crumbs’). Related to *drauzijaną (‘to make fall, cast down’), *dreuzaz (‘liquid; blood, gore’), *dreuzagaz (‘bloody, gory; sad’), and *druziz (‘to fall, decline’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dreusō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dreusaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dreusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>driusizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dreusaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dreus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dreusazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dreusaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>driusidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dreusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dreusadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dreusadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dreusaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dreusōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dreusaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dreusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dreusaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dreusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dreusamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dreusaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dreusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dreusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>driusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dreusaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>driusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dreusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dreusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dreusandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dreusain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dreusandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dreusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dreusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>draus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>druzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>draust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>druzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>draus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>druzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>druzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>druzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>druzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>druzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>druzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>druzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>druzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>druzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>druzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>druzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dreusandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>druzanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dreusaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dreusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*driosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>druschen, druyschen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>druisen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>druis</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dreusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>drēosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>drēsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>drowse</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dreusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>driosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*drūsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>dräuschen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>drusen, drusken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*drjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>drysse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>drjose, drysse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>drösa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*drjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>drysa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>drysse</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (driusan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
