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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *drugiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_drugiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="vijunas2015" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/NT3IL8JM">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The Length of y in the Old English Adjective dryge “dry</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Aurelijus</forename>
              <surname>Vijūnas</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">128</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">260–283</biblScope>
              <date>2015</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_dr_zati" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>drъžati</orth>
          <def>to tremble, shiver</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_drugiz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drugiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>drugiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdru.ɣiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚱᚢᚷᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hard, solid</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>dry</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *dʰréuǵʰ-i-s ~ *dʰruǵʰ-éy-s, from the zero-grade form of root *dʰreugʰ- (‘to shake, shiver, tremble’). The meaning ‘dry’ is probably a West Proto-Germanic semantic innovation from ‘shake off moisture, become dry’. Usually reconstructed with a long -ū-, however <bibl corresp="#vijunas2015">Vijūnas 2015</bibl> makes a convincing argument against this. A cognate is Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_dr_zati"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_dr_zati">drъžati</ref></mentioned> (‘to tremble, shiver’). Related to *draugijaną (‘to dry, make dry’) and *drugōną (‘to dry, to become dry’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugį, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugį, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugijas, drugīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugijas, drugīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>drugijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>drugijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>drugijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>drugijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>drugijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>drugijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drugī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>drugi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>druge, druuch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>droog</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>droog</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drugī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dryġe, driġe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, drüȝe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dry</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dry, drey</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drugī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>druuch</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drugī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*drugi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>trǖge, drǖge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>treuge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drugī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*drugi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>trǖge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>drüch, dreich, drei</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>dréchen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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