<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *druhtīnaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_druhtīnaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="feist1939" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ULQ558PN">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Gotischen Sprache</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Sigmund</forename>
              <surname>Feist</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1939</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vries1977" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MIN5YP8Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Jan</forename>
              <surname>de Vries</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1977</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_druhtinaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/druhtīnaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>druhtīnaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdrux.tiː.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚱᚢᚺᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>leader, lord, sovereign</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *druhtiz (‘band of retainers, troop’)+ <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-</mentioned>īnaz (forms adjectives or nominalized adjectives pertaining to a thing, as in ‘characteristic of (noun)’). Evidence for the long <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-</mentioned>ī- comes from Old High German and Old (Holthausen 1954; <bibl corresp="#feist1939">Feist 1939</bibl> <bibl corresp="#de_vries1977">de Vries 1977</bibl>. Other examples with <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-īnaz</mentioned> follow the same alternations, c.f. *birkīnaz with OHG and OS birkīn, OE and OD -in, and ON -inn. Compare also *aikīnaz, *gulþīnaz, *lindīnaz, *stainīnaz, *wullīnaz, etc.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>druhtīnaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>druhtīnōz, druhtīnōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>druhtīną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>druhtīnanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>druhtīnas, druhtīnis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>druhtīnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>druhtīnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>druhtīnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>druhtīnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>druhtīnamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>druhtīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>druhtīnōz, druhtīnōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*druhtīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>drochten</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>druhtin, drohtin</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>* druhtīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>druhtin, druftin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>drochtijn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>* druhtīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dryhten, drihten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>drihten, drihte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>drightin, drighten, dright</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>drichtin, drichtine</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>* druhtīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>truhtin, truhtīn, trohtin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>trohtīn, trehtīn, trehten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Trechtein</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>* druhtīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>drohtīn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛏᚱᚢᛏᛁᚾ (trutin), dróttinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>drottin</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dróttinn, drottinn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>drotten, drott</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛏᚱᚢᛏᛁᚾ (trutin), dróttinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>drotten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>drot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>drott</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛏᚱᚢᛏᛁᚾ (trutin), dróttinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>drōtin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>drotten, drotte, drott</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*ruhtinas</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
