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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *drībaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_drībaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhreybh_e_o" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰréybʰ-e/o-</orth>
          <def>to drive, push, compel to go</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dribana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drībaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>drībaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdriː.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚱᛁᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to drive, push, compel to go</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhreybh_e_o"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhreybh_e_o">*dʰréybʰ-e/o-</ref></mentioned> (‘to drive, push, compel to go’) from root *dʰréybʰ- (‘to drive, push’). There are no secure cognates outside of Proto-Germanic, thus it could be from a substrate language.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drībō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drībaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drībai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drībizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drībaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drīb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drībazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drībaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drībidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drībai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drībadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drībadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drībaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>drībōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>drībaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>drībadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>drībaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>drībadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drībamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drībaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drībandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drībaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drībid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drībaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drībid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drībandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drībaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drībandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drībain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drībandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drībandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drībaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>draib</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dribį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>draift</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dribīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>draib</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dribī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dribū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dribīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dribudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dribīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dribum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dribīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dribud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dribīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dribun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dribīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>drībandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>dribanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>drībaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>drīvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>driven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>drieve</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>drīvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>driven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>drijven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>dryf, drywe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>drīfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>driven, drifen, drifven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>drive</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>drive</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>drīva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>drieuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>driuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>trīban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>trīben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>triibe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>dreibm, dreim</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>treiben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>טרײַבן (traybn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>trīban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>trīben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>drieve, dreive</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>dreiwen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drīban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>drīvan, drīƀan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>driven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>drieven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>driewen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drífa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>drive</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>draiva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>dríva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>drífa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drífa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>drive</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>driva, drive</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drífa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>drīva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>driva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (dreiban)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
