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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *drōbuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_drōbuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_trepho" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>τρέφω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>tréphō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to thicken, curdle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_droba" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*droba</orth>
          <def>sediment</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_drobuz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drōbuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>drōbuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdrɔː.βuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚱᛟᛒᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>turbid, disturbed, troubled</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrṓbʰ-u-s from a lengthened o-grade form of root *dʰrebʰ- (‘thickened sediment’). The lengthened grade is unexplained, but may reflect an old stative/resultative adjectival formation: ‘muddied, made turbid, disturbed’. Cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_droba"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_droba">*droba</ref></mentioned> (‘sediment’) and possibly related to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_trepho"><ref target="#cog_grc_trepho">τρέφω</ref></mentioned> (tréphō, ‘to thicken, curdle’). Related to *drabaz (‘dregs’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbijas, drōbīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbijas, drōbīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>drōbijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>drōbijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>drōbijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>drōbijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drōbī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*druovi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>droeve</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>droef</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>droef</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drōbī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>drōf, *drēfe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>drof, drove, dref</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>droff</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>drub</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drōbī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*drōf, drēve</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>drōfhēd</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>drôfheid</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drōbī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>truobi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>truobe, trüebe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>trüb, trübe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>trub</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drōbī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>drōbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>drôve</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>drööv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Swedish</lang>
                  <orth>drov</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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