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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *drūpaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_drūpaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhrebh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰrebʰ-</orth>
          <def>to droop, drip</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_drupana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drūpaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>drūpaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdruː.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚱᚢᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>alternative form of *dreupaną</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably a secondary strong verb, back-formed from the iterative *druppōną (‘to drop, fall; to drip, seep’) itself from a pre-Germanic nasal formation *dʰr̥bʰ-néh₂-ti ~ *dʰr̥bʰ-n̥h₂-énti from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhrebh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhrebh">*dʰrebʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to drop’). The root-final *p reflects abstraction from the Kluge-law geminate *pp in the iterative. The long vowel of *drūpaną is an analogical Strong class 2b remodeling of the zero-grade base *drup-, beside Class 2a *dreupaną (‘to droop; drip’). Compare *drupô (‘a drop’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drūpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drūpaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drūpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drūpizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drūpaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drūp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drūpazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drūpaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drūpidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drūpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drūpadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drūpadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drūpaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>drūpōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>drūpaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>drūpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>drūpaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>drūpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drūpamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drūpaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drūpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drūpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drūpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drūpaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drūpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drūpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drūpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drūpandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drūpain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drūpandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drūpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drūpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>draup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>drupį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drauft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>drupīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>draup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>drupī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>drupū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>drupīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>drupudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>drupīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drupum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>drupīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drupud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>drupīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drupun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>drupīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>drūpandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>drupanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>drūpaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*drūpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>drupen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>druipen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>druip</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>drjúpa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>drjúpa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>drjupa, drypa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>drypa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*rüüp'ät'äk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
