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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dubilaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dubilaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰewbʰ-</orth>
          <def>hazy, unclear, dark; deep</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dubilaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dubilaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dubilaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdu.βi.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᛒᛁᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>peg; dowel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from pre-Germanic *dʰubʰ-il-ó-s, from a zero-grade form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh">*dʰewbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘hazy, unclear, dark; deep’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-lós</mentioned> (forms agent and instrument nouns).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>dubilaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>dubilōz, dubilōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>dubilą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>dubilanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>dubilas, dubilis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>dubilǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>dubilai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>dubilamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>dubilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>dubilamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>dubil</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>dubilōz, dubilōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*dubil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>dövel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>dyvel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>dowel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*duvil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*duevel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>deuvel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>tubil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>tübel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Dübel, Döbel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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