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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dubnaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dubnaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰewbʰ-</orth>
          <def>hazy, unclear, dark; deep</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dubnana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dubnaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dubnaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈduβ.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᛒᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to become weak</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably a fientive formation from a zero-grade form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh">*dʰewbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘hazy, unclear, dark; deep) with the typical nasal suffix characteristic of what would be become Weak class 4 verbs: pre-Germanic *dʰubʰ-néh₂-ti ~ * dʰubʰ-n̥h₂-énti. Related to *daubaz (‘stunned’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dubnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dubnaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dubnōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dubnais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dubnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dubnōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dubnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dubnōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dubnōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dubnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dubnaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dubnaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dubnaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dubnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dubnaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dubnaþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dubnaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dubnaþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dubnanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dubnain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dubnanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dubnōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dubnōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dubnōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dubnōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dubnōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dubnōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dubnōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dubnōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dubnōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dubnōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dubnōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dubnōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dubnōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dubnōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dubnōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dubnōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dubnandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dubnaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dofna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>dovna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dofna</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dofna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>dofna, dufna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>domna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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