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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dumbaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dumbaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhembh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰembʰ-</orth>
          <def>to be stunned; to strike</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhemh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰemH-</orth>
          <def>to smoke, blow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dumbaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dumbaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dumbaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdum.bɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᛗᛒᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>dumb, mute, unable to speak</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰm̥bʰ-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhembh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhembh">*dʰembʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to be stunned; to strike’). Alternatively, <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl> considers this an adjectival derivative of *dimbaną (‘to fog, smoke’), with semantic shift ‘foggy, hazy’ &gt; ‘dumb, mute’, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhemh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhemh">*dʰemH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to smoke, blow’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dumbaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dumbaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dumbaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dumbammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dumbōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dumbammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dump</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dom, dumb, domb, dum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>dómb</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dump</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dom, dumb, domb, dum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dom</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>dom</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>dumb</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dumb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dumb</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dom, domme</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dum</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dom</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>tumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tump</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>dumm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>domm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dumb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>dumb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dumm</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dumbr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dumbur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>dumbur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>dum</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dumbr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>dumber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>dum</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dumbr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>dumb, dum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>dum</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌱𐍃 (dumbs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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