<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *duniz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_duniz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_dhuni" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>धुनि</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>dhúni</orth>
          </form>
          <def>noisy, boisterous, roaring loudly, sounding</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_dhvani" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>ध्व॒नि</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>dhvaní</orth>
          </form>
          <def>sound, echo, noise, voice, tone, tune, thunder</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_duniz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/duniz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>duniz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdu.niz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᚾᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sound; noise</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *dʰún-i-s from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwén-i-s ~ *dʰun-éy-s, from *dʰwen- (‘to make a noise’). Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_dhuni"><ref target="#cog_san_dhuni">धुनि</ref></mentioned> (dhúni, ‘noisy, boisterous, roaring loudly, sounding’) and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_dhvani"><ref target="#cog_san_dhvani">ध्व॒नि</ref></mentioned> (dhvaní, ‘sound, echo, noise, voice, tone, tune, thunder’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>duniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>dunīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>dunį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>duninz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>dunīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>dunjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>dunī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>dunimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>dunī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>dunimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>duni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>dunīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*duni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*duni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dōne, dōon, duene</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>deun</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>deuntjie</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*duni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dyne, dyn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>dune, dyne, dene, dine, dyn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dun, din</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dyn, din</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*duni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>tuni, *duni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tōn, dōn, dōne, dœne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Ton</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*duni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*duni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>done, döne, don</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dynr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>døn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>dynur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dynur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dynr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>dønn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>døn, dønn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dynr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>dyn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>dön, dån, don</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
